Abstract
Dị ka otu n'ime mba ndị mepere emepe na Africa, South Africa na-eche oke ikuku ikuku na ihe ịma aka nchekwa nke sitere na Ngwuputa, nrụpụta na ime obodo. A na-eji teknụzụ sensọ gas, dị ka ngwa nleba anya nke ọma na nke ziri ezi, n'ọtụtụ mpaghara dị oke egwu na South Africa. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ntinye nke ihe mmetụta gas na nchekwa m, nlekota mmetọ ikuku nke ime obodo, njikwa ikuku mmepụta ihe, na ụlọ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, na-enyocha mmetụta ha na nkwalite nchekwa, nkwalite gburugburu ebe obibi, na uru akụ na ụba.
1. Ngwa ndapụta
Usoro akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nke South Africa na gburugburu ọha na-enye ọnọdụ dị iche iche ngwa maka ihe mmetụta gas:
1. Nleba anya nchekwa nke m
- Ihe ndabere: Ụlọ ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe bụ ogidi akụ na ụba South Africa kamakwa akụkụ nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ. Arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ala na-enwekarị ike ịchịkọta gas na-egbu egbu ma na-ere ọkụ (dịka, methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)), na-eduga na ntachi, mgbawa, na nsị.
- Ngwa:
- Ihe nchọpụta gas kwụziri na nke enwere ike ibugharị bụ iwu na ogbunigwe niile dị n'okpuru ala.
- Ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-eyi ihe mmetụta gas dị iche iche iji nyochaa gburugburu ha ozugbo.
- A na-etinye ihe mmetụta netwọọdụ etinyere na ọwara igodo yana ihu na-arụ ọrụ iji na-enyocha mkpokọta CH₄ na CO, na-ebufe data ozugbo gaa na ebe njikwa elu.
- Ụdị ihe mmetụta eji: ọkụ ọkụ catalytic (gasị ọkụ), electrochemical (gas na-egbu egbu), sensọ infrared (CH₄, CO₂).
2. Nleba anya ogo ikuku nke obodo
- N'azụ: Isi obodo dị ka Johannesburg na Pretoria, yana mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị elu dị ka "Carbon Valley" na Mpumalanga Province, na-ata ahụhụ site na mmetọ ikuku ogologo oge. Ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị bụ́ isi na-agụnye sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (PM2.5, PM10).
- Ngwa:
- Netwọk Gọọmenti: Gọọmenti South Africa eguzobela netwọk nleba anya ikuku nke mba nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ nleba anya n'ọtụtụ obodo. A kwadoro ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị a nwere ihe mmetụta gas dị elu yana ihe mmetụta ihe dị mkpa maka nleba anya nrube isi na ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụike ọha.
- Nleba anya n'ọkwa obodo: N'obodo ndị dị ka Cape Town na Durban, otu obodo amalitela ibuga ọnụ ọnụ gas sensọ dị ọnụ ala, iji mejupụta oghere dị na netwọk nlekota ọrụ ma nweta data mmetọ nke ọkwa obodo.
- Ụdị ihe mmetụta ejiri: Igwe ihe mmetụta metal oxide semiconductor (MOS), sensọ electrochemical, ngwa anya (laser agbasasị) ihe mmetụta ihe mmetụta.
3. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na njikwa usoro
- N'azụ: South Africa nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, ebe a na-esi mmanụ ọkụ, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, na ụlọ ọrụ igwe, bụ isi ebe a na-esi ekpochapụ ikuku ụlọ ọrụ.
- Ngwa:
- Sistemụ Nlebaanya Emume Na-aga n'ihu (CEMS): Iwu nyere iwu, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye CEMS na anwụrụ anwụrụ ọkụ, na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ihe mmetụta gas iji na-enyocha ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe dị ka SO₂, NOx, CO, na CO₂, na-agba mbọ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku nke mba.
- Usoro nchekwa na njikarịcha: Na usoro kemịkalụ na nnụcha, a na-eji ihe mmetụta na-achọpụta ntanye nke gas na-ere ọkụ na nke na-egbu egbu na pipeline na tankị mmeghachi omume, na-ahụ maka nchekwa akụrụngwa. Ha na-ebuli usoro mgbanyụ ọkụ, na-eme ka mmanụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na ibelata mmepụta gas na-efunahụ.
- Ụdị ihe mmetụta ejiri: Ultraviolet/infrared spectroscopy (maka CEMS), ọkụ ọkụ catalytic na ihe mmetụta electrochemical (maka nchọpụta ntapu).
4. Nchekwa ebe obibi na azụmahịa (ụlọ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi)
- N'azụ: N'obodo mepere emepe, mmanụ mmanụ mmanụ (LPG) bụ mmanụ a na-esi esi nri, iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi nwere ike ibute ntapu na mgbawa. Ọzọkwa, CO nke ọkụ na-emepụta bụ “onye na-egbu” nkịtị.
- Ngwa:
- Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ezinụlọ ndị nọ n'etiti na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ) na-etinye ọkụ gas smart na mkpuchi carbon monoxide.
- Ngwa ndị a na-egosipụtakarị metal oxide (MOS) ma ọ bụ ihe mmetụta electrochemical. Ọ bụrụ na mkpokọta LPG ma ọ bụ CO gafere ọkwa dị mma, ha na-ebute mkpu ụda na-ahụ anya decibel dị elu ozugbo. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ndị dị elu nwekwara ike izipu ọkwa ntanye na ekwentị ndị ọrụ site na Wi-Fi maka ọkwa dịpụrụ adịpụ.
- Ụdị sensọ eji: Igwe ihe mmetụta metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensọ (maka LPG), sensọ electrochemical (maka CO).
2. Ngwa arụmọrụ
Ojiji nke ihe mmetụta gas ewepụtala uru dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ mpaghara na South Africa:
1. Nchekwa ebe ọrụ emelitere nke ọma
- Ịrụ ọrụ: Na mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta akụ, ihe mmetụta gas aghọwo nkà na ụzụ na-azọpụta ndụ. Nleba anya n'oge na ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ ebelatawo nke ukwuu mmụpụta nke mgbawa gas na-ere ọkụ na ihe omume nsi n'ime ogbunigwe. Mgbe mkpokọta gas na-abịaru nso n'ọnụ ụzọ dị ize ndụ, sistemụ na-arụ ọrụ na-akpaghị aka akụrụngwa ikuku ma ọ bụ na-enye iwu mbupụ, na-enye ndị na-egwuputa ihe oge mgbapụ dị egwu.
2. Nkwado data maka ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi
- Nrụmọrụ: Netwọk mba niile nke ihe mmetụta ikuku ikuku na-ebute oke data gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga n'ihu. Ihe omuma a na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala sayensị maka gọọmentị ịmepụta na nyochaa amụma njikwa mmetọ ikuku (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkpụrụ ikuku). N'otu oge ahụ, mbipụta ozugbo nke Air Quality Index (AQI) na-enyere ndị otu adịghị ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ) mee ihe nchebe n'ụbọchị ndị emetọru, na-echekwa ahụike ọha.
3. Ịkwado nnabata ụlọ ọrụ na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa
- Ịrụ ọrụ: Maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịwụnye sistemu nlekota ikuku na-eme ka o kwe omume ịrụ ọrụ nke iwu kwadoro, na-ezere nnukwu ntaramahụhụ maka enweghị nnabata. Na mgbakwunye, iji sensọ na njikwa usoro na-ebuli usoro ọrụ arụ ọrụ, na-ebelata mkpofu akụrụngwa, ma na-ebelata oriri ume, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ọrụ ozugbo.
4. Emelitere mmata obodo na nsonye ọha
- Ịrụ ọrụ: Mpụta nke ihe mmetụta obodo dị ọnụ ala na-enyere ndị bi na ya aka 直观地了解 (n'ụzọ doro anya ịghọta) ọkwa mmetọ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, na-ebelata ịdabere naanị na data gọọmentị. Nke a na-ebulite mmata gburugburu ọha na eze ma na-enye obodo ike ịrụgide gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ mmetọ na-adabere na ihe akaebe, na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ime ka nlekọta dị n'okpuru ala.
5. Nchekwa ndụ na ihe onwunwe n'ụlọ
- Ịrụ ọrụ: Ịba ụba nke ihe mmetụta gas / CO nke ọma na-egbochi ọkụ ụlọ na mgbawa nke ikuku gas na-akpata, yana ọdachi na-egbu CO n'oge okpomọkụ oyi, na-enye ndị bi n'obodo ukwu ohere nchebe ikpeazụ.
3. Ihe ịma aka na Ọdịnihu
N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma ndị pụtara ìhè, ihe ịma aka ka dị n'ịkwalite teknụzụ sensọ gas na South Africa:
- Ọnụ na Nlekọta: Ịzụta, ntinye, na nhazi nke ihe mmetụta dị elu na-agụnye nnukwu ụgwọ na-aga n'ihu maka ma gọọmentị na azụmahịa.
- Izizi data: Sensọ dị ọnụ ala na-enwe ike ịnweta ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpomọkụ na iru mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebuli ajụjụ gbasara izi ezi data. Ekwesịrị iji ha mee ihe yana usoro nleba anya ọdịnala.
- Ọdịiche teknụzụ: Ime ime ime obodo na-agbasi mbọ ike ịnweta netwọk nleba anya pụrụ ịdabere na ya.
Na-ele anya n'ihu, ọganihu na Ịntanetị nke Ihe (IoT), ọgụgụ isi artificial (AI), na nkà na ụzụ sensọ ga-eme ka netwọk nlekota gas nke South Africa nweta ọgụgụ isi, njupụta, na ọnụ ahịa. Sensọ ga-ejikọta ya na drones na satịlaịtị ihe mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ iji mepụta netwọk nlekota "sky-ground" agbakwunyere. Algọridim AI ga-eme ka nchọta isi mmalite mmetọ na amụma amụma, na-enye nkwado siri ike maka mmepe na-adigide South Africa yana nchekwa na ọdịmma nke ndị ya.
Mmechi
Site na ntinye ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ sensọ gas, South Africa enwetala nsonaazụ dị ịrịba ama na nchekwa m, nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi, nnabata ụlọ ọrụ na nchekwa ụlọ. “Imi eletrọnịkị” ndị a abụghị nanị na-eje ozi dị ka sentinels na-echebe ndụ kamakwa ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịkwalite ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Omume South Africa na-enye ihe atụ bara uru maka mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe na-achọ itinye aka na nkà na ụzụ iji dozie ihe ịma aka ọdịnala.
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