Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) bụ nnukwu mpaghara oxygen kacha nta (OMZ) na-abawanye, na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke mkpokọta OMZ zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'ime isi OMZ (~ 350-700 m omimi), ikuku oxygen gbazere na-adịkarị nso ma ọ bụ n'okpuru njedebe nyocha nke ihe mmetụta nke oge a (~ 10 nM). Igwe ikuku oxygen dị elu n'elu na n'okpuru isi OMZ na-eduga na nhazi kwụ ọtọ nke obodo microbial na-adịkwa iche n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe jikọrọ (PA) na ndị na-ebi ndụ efu (FL). N'ebe a, anyị na-eji 16S amplicon sequencing (iTags) iji nyochaa ụdị dị iche iche na nkesa nke prokaryotic bi n'etiti FL na PA size na n'etiti oke ọnọdụ redox ambient. Ọnọdụ hydrographic dị na mpaghara ọmụmụ anyị dị iche na nke akọwara na mbụ na ETNP na OMZ ndị ọzọ, dịka ETSP. Chọpụta ọnụọgụ oxygen (~ 0.35 μM) dị na isi OMZ na ebe nlele anyị. N'ihi ya, nchịkọta nitrite a na-akọkarị maka cores OMZ adịghị adị dịka usoro maka nje bacteria anammox (Brocadiales genus).CandidatusScalindua), nke a na-ahụkarị n'ofe oke oxic-anoxic na sistemu ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, nje bacteria amonia-oxidizing (AOB) na archaea (AOA) na-ekesa na ọnụ ọgụgụ assimilation carbon autotrophic kachasị (1.4 μM C d).–1) dakọtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ammonium akpọpụtara n'akụkụ elu nke isi OMZ. Na mgbakwunye, ndị òtù genusNitrospina, A na-achịkọta nje bacteria nitrite-oxidizing (NOB) na-atụ aro na ma amonia na nitrite oxidation na-eme na nchọta ikuku oxygen. Nyocha nke ule myirịta (ANOSIM) na Non-metric Dimensional Scaling (nMDS) gosiri na ihe nnọchianya nke nje bacteria na archaeal dị nnọọ iche n'etiti nha nha. Dabere na profaịlụ ANOSIM na iTag, nhazi nke mkpokọta PA emetụtachaghị ya site na ọchịchị biogeochemical dabere na omimi nke na-emeri karịa nke FL. Dabere na ọnụnọ AOA, NOB na trace oxygen na isi OMZ anyị na-atụ aro na nitrification bụ usoro na-arụ ọrụ na usoro nitrogen nke mpaghara a nke ETNP OMZ.
Okwu mmalite
Na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ ndị mmadụ na-eme n'ime obodo, mkpokọta oxygen gbazere na-ebelata na oké osimiri mepere emepe na na usoro mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.Breitburg et al., 2018). Atụmatụ ọnwụ oxygen sitere na oke osimiri n'ime afọ 60 gara aga karịrị 2% (Schmidtko et al., 2017), na-eme ka nchegbu banyere ihe ga-esi na mgbasawanye mpaghara ikuku oxygen na-ebelata (Paulmier na Ruiz-Pino, 2009). Mepee oké osimiri OMZs na-etolite mgbe mmepụta isi elu dị elu na-eme ka agụụ ikuku oxygen dị n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala karịa ọnụego ikuku ikuku anụ ahụ na omimi. Ngwunye ikuku oxygen na ogidi mmiri OMZ nwere ike ịnwe gradients dị elu (oxycline) n'elu na n'okpuru isi ikuku oxygen na-emepụta hypoxic (nke dị n'etiti 2 na ~ 90 μM), suboxic (<2 μM) na anoxic (n'okpuru njedebe nchọpụta (~ 10 nM) nke nha dịgasị iche iche.Bertagnolli na Stewart, 2018). Oxygen gradients na-eduga na nhazi kwụ ọtọ nke metazoan na obodo microbial yana usoro biogeochemical tinyere nnukwu oxyclines ndị a.Belmar et al., 2011).
Edekọla ụfọdụ n'ime ọnụego nitrogen kacha elu na OMZ nke Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) na South Pacific (ETSP) (Callbeck et al., 2017;Penn et al., 2019), Cariaco Basin nke gbawara agbawa na-adịgide adịgide (Montes et al., 2013), Oké Osimiri Arab (Ward et al., 2009), na OMZ nke Benguela upwelling system (Kuypers et al., 2005). Na usoro ndị a, usoro microbial nke canonical denitrification (heterotrophic mbelata nke nitrate ka nitrogen intermediates na mgbe na dinitrogen gas) na anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) na-eduga na nitrogen ọnwụ nke nwere ike na-amachi isi mmepụta.Ward et al., 2007). Ọzọkwa, oké osimiri nitrous oxide emissions (ọkụ griin haus siri ike) sitere na denitrification microbial nke na-eme na OMZ bụ ihe ruru opekata mpe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ikuku ikuku nitrous oxide zuru ụwa ọnụ.Naqvi et al., 2010).
ETNP OMZ bụ mpaghara ikuku oxygen buru ibu, na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ewusi ike nke na-akpata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke mkpokọta OMZ zuru ụwa ọnụ, dị n'etiti 0–25°N latitude na 75 na 180°W longitude (Paulmier na Ruiz-Pino, 2009;Schmidtko et al., 2017). N'ihi mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ha, a mụọla nke ọma biochemistry na microbial di iche iche nke mpaghara ETNP OMZ dị iche iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ,Beman na Carolan, 2013;Duret et al., 2015;Ganesh et al., 2015;Chronopoulou et al., 2017;ngwugwu et al., 2015;Peng et al., 2015). Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-akọ na agbaze oxygen na isi OMZ a (~ 250-750 m omimi) na-adịkarị nso ma ọ bụ n'okpuru oke nchọpụta nyocha (~ 10 nM) (Tiano et al., 2014;Garcia-Robledo et al., 2017). Agbanyeghị, n'akụkụ oke ugwu nke ETNP's OMZ (ọnọdụ ebe ọmụmụ ~ 22°N) mkpokọta oxygen na 500 m nwere ike iru nkezi kwa afọ n'etiti 10 na 20 μM (Paulmier na Ruiz-Pino, 2009; Data sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2013)1. N'oge mgbasa ozi ubi a kọrọ n'ime ebe a, anyị tụrụ oxygen na isi OMZ na ntinye zuru oke (0.35 μM) iji kwado usoro microbial aerobic, dị ka ammonium na nitrite oxidation, na akụkụ ụfọdụ na-egbochi usoro microbial anaerobic dị mkpa. Achọpụtala usoro microbial nke ikuku na mbụ n'ụdị nke suboxic ma ọ bụ anoxic nke ETNP OMZ (Peng et al., 2015;Garcia-Robledo et al., 2017;Penn et al., 2019). Agbanyeghị, aghọtabeghị ihe ndị na-achịkwa nkesa na mmemme nke otu dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ nke microorganisms na OMZ nke ọma.
Ọnụnọ nke nitrifiers ebe ikuku oxygen na-adịghị ahụta na OMZ nwere ike ịkọwa site na mgbanwe ndị na-adịbeghị anya na ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ nke oxycline n'ihi ikuku oxygen na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke nwere ike iduga ephemeral trace oxygen larịị n'ime OMZ cores (Muller-Karger et al., 2001;Ulloa et al., 2012;Garcia-Robledo et al., 2017). Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-adịru nwa oge nwere ike iji ya mee ihe site na ikuku ikuku ma ọ bụ microaerophilic, gụnyere nitrifiers. Ọzọkwa, irighiri irighiri ihe sitere na epipelagic (mkpụrụ ndụ gbakọtara, fecal pellets, na ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya) nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa oxygen.Ganesh et al., 2014). Ya mere, oxygen na aerobic ụmụ nje nwere ike ibuga na mmiri anoxic, na-ekwe ka aerobic metabolisms ime na mkpakọrịta na ụmụ irighiri ihe. Amara ihe ndị ahụ dị ka ebe na-ekpo ọkụ nke microbial biogeochemical cycling (Simon et al., 2002;Ganesh et al., 2014) ma nwee ike ịkwado usoro anaerobic ma ọ bụ aerobic microbial dị iche iche nke a na-ahụghị na steeti nnwere onwe.Alldredge na Cohen, 1987;Wright et al., 2012;Suter et al., 2018).
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, anyị na-enyocha obodo prokaryotic bi n'akụkụ ugwu nke ETNP's OMZ na ihe gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta nkesa kwụ ọtọ site na iji 16S amplicon sequencing (iTags) yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche. Anyị nyochara akụkụ abụọ nke nha; akụkụ nke ndụ efu (0.2-2.7 μm), na akụkụ nke ihe jikọrọ ya (> 2.7 μm, na-ewepụta ihe dị iche iche yana sel protistan) n'ọtụtụ omimi tinyere oxycline nke kwekọrọ na ọnọdụ redox dị iche iche.
Anyị nwere ike ịnye ihe mmetụta oxygen gbazere na paramita dị iche iche, nke mere na enwere ike nyochaa mkpokọta molekụla ozugbo. Nnọọ maka ịkpọ
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Oge nzipu: Jul-05-2024